Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in Jalalabad City, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

PDF (English)
Опубликован: фев 5, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2015.134

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Khwaja Mir Islam Saeed
Afghanistan National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul

Аннотация

Background: Hypertension affects an estimated one billion people, worldwide. It is a public health challenge characterized by increased morbidity, mortality, as well as cost to the community and health systems. The goal of this study is to determine the prevalence of hypertension and characterize associated risk factors in an urban setting in Afghanistan.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of adults aged 25-65 years was conducted in Jalalabad city from May to June 2013 using the World Health Organization STEPwise approach to surveillance (WHO STEPS). A multistage technique was used to enroll 1,200 participants in the study. Demographic and socio-economic variables were collected via individual interviews using the WHO STEPS survey, after which blood samples were collected using a locally developed standard operating procedure (SOP). Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to explore the association between hypertension and associated factors.

Results: A total of 1,180 adults (40% males, 60% females) of 25-65 years of age were surveyed. The response rate was 98.5 % and the prevalence of hypertension was 28.4. Independent risk factors of hypertension were found to be: age ? 50 (AOR = 3.42, 95% CI: 2.50 – 4.76); sex (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.38 – 0.88); obesity (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.49 – 2.94); and diabetes (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.10 – 2.79). Independent protective factors were physically demanding occupations (AOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36 – 0.85); physical activity itself (AOR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.47 – 0.99) and consuming more vegetables (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38 – 0.93).

Conclusion: This urban setting in Afghanistan evidenced a high prevalence of hypertension; age, obesity, and diabetes were identified as risk factors and physical activity and consuming more vegetables were protective. These findings have implications for future public health intervention and clinical efforts.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Как цитировать
Saeed, K. M. I. (2015). Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in Jalalabad City, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan. Central Asian Journal of Global Health, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2015.134
Выпуск
Том 4 № 1 (2015)
Раздел
Research

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
  2. Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
  3. The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
    1. Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
    with the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
  4. The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  5. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
  6. Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
  7. The Author represents and warrants that:
    1. the Work is the Author’s original work;
    2. the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
    3. the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
    4. the Work has not previously been published;
    5. the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
    6. the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
  8. The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.

Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link. 

Биография автора

Khwaja Mir Islam Saeed, Afghanistan National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul

Surveillance Director

Библиографические ссылки

Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: Analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217-223.

Mohan V, Seedat YK, Pradeepa R. The rising burden of diabetes and hypertension in southeast asian and african regions: Need for effective strategies for prevention and control in primary health care settings. Int J Hypertens. 2013.

Medscape Cardiology. Hypertension, but not "prehypertension," increases stroke risk: Global prevalence of hypertension may be close to 30%. 2004; http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/471536_8

Erem C, Hacihasanoglu A, Kocak M, Deger O, Topbas M. Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension and associated risk factors among Turkish adults: Trabzon Hypertension Study. J Public Health (Oxf). 2009;31(1):47-58.

Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, et al. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 17th ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2008.

The American Heart Association. Factors that contribute to high blood pressure. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4650.

World Health Organization. A global brief on hypertension: Silent killer, global public health crisis. 2013; http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79059/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2013.2_eng.pdf?ua=1.

Singh RB, Suh IL, Singh VP, et al. Hypertension and stroke in Asia: prevalence, control and strategies in developing countries for prevention. J Hum Hypertens. 2000;14(10-11):749-763.

Unwin N, Setel P, Rashid S, et al. Noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: Where do they feature in the health research agenda? Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(10):947-953.

Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR, et al. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. JAMA. 2003;289(18):2363-2369.

Ibrahim MM, Rizk H, Appel LJ, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Egypt. Results from the Egyptian National Hypertension Project (NHP). NHP Investigative Team. Hypertension. 1995;26(6 Pt 1):886-890.

Puavilai W, Laorugpongse D, Prompongsa S, et al. Prevalence and some important risk factors of hypertension in Ban Paew District, second report. J Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94(9):1069-1076.

Bener A, Al-Suwaidi J, Al-Jaber K, Al-Marri S, Dagash MH, Elbagi IE. The prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a newly developed country. Saudi Med J. 2004;25(7):918-922.

World Health Organization. Non-communicable diseases: Hypertension. 2011; http://www.emro.who.int/ncd/hypertension.htm.

Saeed KMI. Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the adult population of urban areas in Kabul City, Afghanistan. CAJGH. 2013;2(2).

Haghdoost AK, Behnam Sadeghirad B, Rezazadehkermani M. Epidemiology and heterogeneity of hypertension in Iran: A systematic review. Arch Iranian Med. 2008;11(4):444-452.

Safdar S, Omair A, Faisal U, Hasan H. Prevalence of hypertension in a low income settlement of Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004;54(10):506-509.

Afghan Public Health Institute Ministry of Public Health (APHI/MoPH) [Afghanistan], Central Statistics Organization (CSO) [Afghanistan], ICF Macro IIoHMRII, [Egypt] WHOROftEMWE. Afghanistan Mortality Survey 2010. Maryland, USA: Calverton; 2011.

Bonita R, deCourten M, Dwyer T, K. J, Winkelmann R. Surveillance of risk factors for non-communicable disease: the WHO STEPwise approach. Geneva: World Health Organization;2002.

World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic; report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization;2000.

International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definitions of the metabolic symdrome. 2006; http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Meta_def_final.pdf.

Whitworth JA, World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21(11):1983-1992.

Epi Info [computer program]. Version 3.5.12008.

IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows [computer program]. Version 20.0. Armonk, NY2011.

Yoon SS, Burt V, Louis T, Carroll MD. Hypertension among adults in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS data brief, no 107. 2012; Hyattsville, MD.

Gudina EK, Michael Y, Assegid S. Prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors in southwest Ethiopia: A hospital-based cross-sectional survey. Integr Blood Press Control. 2013;6:111-117.

Yadav S, Boddula R, Genitta G, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension, hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in a Belarus urban population. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128(6):Indian J Med Res.

Pooja YM. Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in an urban area of Uttarakhand. AJBPS. 2013;3(21):12-16.

Prabakaran J, Vijayalakshmi N, VenkataRao E. Prevalence of hypertension among urban adult population (25-64 years) of Nellore, India. Int J Res Dev Health. 2013;1(2).

The World Bank. NCDs policy brief - Afghanistan. 2011; http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1296680097256/7707437-1296680114157/NCD_AF_Policy_Feb_2011.pdf.

Ministry of Public Health Afghanistan. National strategy for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) 2013-2018. 2013; http://www.iccp-portal.org/sites/default/files/plans/NCDStrategy_Draft_Final_from%20Af%20MoH.pdf.