Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Dyspepsia among Pre-clinical Medical Students in Ajman, United Arab Emirates
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Аннотация
Introduction: Dyspepsia is a common gastrointestinal diseases worldwide with a prevalence ranging from 7 to 40%. Dyspepsia, more commonly known as heartburn or indigestion, is defined as one or more of the following symptoms: postprandial fullness, early satiation (the inability to finish a normal size meal), or epigastric pain or burning for at least 3 months in the past year. Dyspepsia has been studied extensively, but little is known of factors associated with dyspepsia among medical students.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of dyspepsia and to evaluate the association between lifestyle and dietary factors associated with dyspepsia among pre-clinical medical students in Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted among pre-clinical medical students at Gulf Medical University, Ajman and collected basic demographic data, dyspepsia prevalence, dietary factors, and lifestyle factors. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the participant characteristics. Chi-square tests were used to test the association between dietary and lifestyle factors and dyspepsia. Logistic regression was used to measure the association of predictors (dietary and lifestyle factors) on the odds of having dyspepsia, independently. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the full association of predictors on the odds of having dyspepsia.
Results: The resulting sample was 176 pre-clinical medical students, with a mean age of 20.67 ± 2.57 years. A total of 77 (43.8%) respondents reported having dyspepsia while 99 (56.2%) did not. There was a significant association between smoking and dyspepsia (p<0.05), as well as a marginally significant association between inadequate sleep and dyspepsia (p<0.10). There was no significant association with alcohol or analgesic use on dyspesia. Dietary habits showed no association with dyspepsia.
Conclusion: Dyspepsia was reported by 43.8% of the repondents. These findings emphasize the importance of improving lifestyle and dietary factors associated with dyspepsia and raising awareness of reducing risk factors associated with dyspepsia. Further studies are needed on dyspepsia in a larger cohort of students in order to fully understand the complexity of this problem and be able to generalize the findings to other cohorts.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.
Библиографические ссылки
Baron JH, Watson F, Sonnenberg A. Three centuries of stomach symptoms in Scotland. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24(5):821-829.
Hare E. The history of 'nervous disorders' from 1600 to 1840, and a comparison with modern views. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;159:37-45.
Chey WD. Accurate diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. 14C-urea breath test. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2000;29(4):895-902.
Tack J, Talley NJ, Camilleri M, et al. Functional gastroduodenal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(5):1466-1479.
Harmon RC, Peura DA. Evaluation and management of dyspepsia. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2010;3(2):87-98.
Mahadeva S, Goh KL. Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(17):2661-2666.
Caro JM, Ortiz SP, Melo CL. Dyspepsia and reflux disease in adolescents. Rev Col Gastroenterol. 2008;23(1):46-56.
Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ. Onset and disappearance of gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136(2):165-177.
Paré P. Systematic approach toward the clinical diagnosis of functional dyspepsia. Can J Gastroenterol. 1999;13(8):647-654.
Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD, Melton LJ. Dyspepsia and dyspepsia subgroups: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 1992;102(4 Pt 1):1259-1268.
Talley NJ, Fett SL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ. Gastrointestinal tract symptoms and self-reported abuse: A population-based study. Gastroenterology. 1994;107(4):1040-1049.
Agréus L, Talley NJ, Svärdsudd K, Tibblin G, Jones MP. Identifying dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: the value of pain or discomfort, and bowel habit descriptors. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;35(2):142-151.
Bernersen B, Johnsen R, Straume B. Non-ulcer dyspepsia and peptic ulcer: The distribution in a population and their relation to risk factors. Gut. 1996;38(6):822-825.
Ho KY, Kang JY, Seow A. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in a multiracial Asian population, with particular reference to reflux-type symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93(10):1816-1822.
Shah SS, Bhatia SJ, Mistry FP. Epidemiology of dyspepsia in the general population in Mumbai. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2001;20(3):103-106.
Kay L, Jørgensen T. Epidemiology of upper dyspepsia in a random population. Prevalence, incidence, natural history, and risk factors. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1994;29(1):2-6.
Caballero-Plasencia AM, Sofos-Kontoyannis S, Valenzuela-Barranco M, Martín-Ruiz JL, Casado-Caballero FJ, López-Mañas JG. Irritable bowel syndrome in patients with dyspepsia: a community-based study in southern Europe. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(5):517-522.
Shaib Y, El-Seraq HB. The prevalence and risk factors of functional dyspepsia in a multiethnic population in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(1):2210-2216.
Jones RH, Lydeard SE, Hobbs FD, et al. Dyspepsia in England and Scotland. Gut. 1990;31(4):401-405.
Jones R, Lydeard S. Prevalence of symptoms of dyspepsia in the community. BMJ. 1989;298(6665):30-32.
Penston JG, Pounder RE. A survey of dyspepsia in Great Britain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996;10(1):83-89.
Moayyedi P, Forman D, Braunholtz D, et al. The proportion of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the community associated with Helicobacter pylori, lifestyle factors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Leeds HELP Study Group. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(6):1448-1455.
Ihezue CH, Oluwole FS, Onuminya JE, Okoronkwo MO. Dyspepsias among the highlanders of Nigeria: an epidemiological survey. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1996;25(1):23-29.
Talley NJ, Colin-Jones D, Koch KL, Koch M, Nyren O, Stanghellini V. Functional dyspepsia: A classification with guidelines for diagnosis and management. Gastroenterology. 1991;88(5 pt 1):1223-1231.
Holtmann G, Talley NJ. Functional dyspepsia. Current treatment recommendations. Drugs. 1993;45(6):918-930.
Armstrong D. Helicobacter pylori infection and dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1996;215:38-47.
Castillo EJ, Camilleri M, Locke GR, et al. A community-based, controlled study of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(11):985-996.
Abahussain EA, Hasan FA, Nicholls PJ. Dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori infection: Analysis of 200 Kuwaiti patients referred for endoscopy. Ann Saudi Med. 1998;18(6):502-505.
Marsden K. What doctors don't tell you: Ulcers & indigestion - developing good gut sense. 1988; http://www.healthy.net/Health/Article/ULCERS_INDIGESTION/3357/4. Accessed December 10, 2013.
Ganasegeran K, Al-Dubai SA, Qureshi AM, Al-abed AA, Am R, Aljunid SM. Social and psychological factors affecting eating habits among university students in a Malaysian medical school: A cross-sectional study. Nutr J. 2012;11:48.
Courteney H. Indigestion help sheet. http://hazel-courteney.com/indigestion-help-sheet/. Accessed December 9, 2013.
Akhondi-Meybodi M, Aghaei MA, Hashemian Z. The role of diet in the management of non-ulcer dyspepsia. Middle East journal of digestive diseases. 2015;7(1):19-24.
Abdulghani HM, AlKanhal AA, Mahmoud ES, Ponnamperuma GG, Alfaris EA. Stress and its effects on medical students: A cross-sectional study at a college of medicine in Saudi Arabia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29(5):516-522.
Ramakrishnan K, Salinas RC. Peptic ulcer disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76(7):1005-1012.
Gralnek IM, Barkun AN, Bardou M. Management of acute bleeding from a peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(9):928-937.
Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD, Melton LJ. Smoking, alcohol, and analgesics in dyspepsia and among dyspepsia subgroups: Lack of an association in a community. Gut. 1994;35(5):619-624.
NHS Choices. Heartburn and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. 2014; http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx. Accessed March 13, 2014.
Fraser A, Delaney BC, Ford AC, Qume M, Moayyedi P. The Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire validation study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(4):477-486.
Novis BH, Marks IN, Bank S, Sloan AW. The relation between gastric acid secretion and body habitus, blood groups, smoking, and the subsequent development of dyspepsia and duodenal ulcer. Gut. 1973;14(2):107-112.
Curioso WH, Donaires Mendoza N, Bacilio Zerpa C, Ganoza Gallardo C, León Barúa R. Prevalence and relation of dyspepsia to irritable bowel syndrome in a native community of the Peruvian jungle. Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 2002;22(2):129-140.
Rashed RS, Ayoola EA, Mofleh IA, Chowdhury MN, Mahmood K, Faleh FZ. Helicobacter pylori and dyspepsia in an Arab population. Trop Geogr Med. 1992;44(4):304-307.
Lee YY, Wahab N, Mustaffa N, et al. A Rome III survey of functional dyspepsia among the ethnic Malays in a primary care setting. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13:84.
Nandurkar S, Talley NJ, Xia H, Mitchell H, Hazel S, Jones M. Dyspepsia in the community is linked to smoking and aspirin use but not to Helicobacter pylori infection. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(13):1427-1433.
Abdulghani HM, Alrowais NA, Alhaqwi AI, et al. Cigarette smoking among female students in five medical and nonmedical colleges. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:719-727.
Carbone F, Holvoet L, Tack J. Rome III functional dyspepsia subdivision in PDS and EPS: recognizing postprandial symptoms reduces overlap. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2015;27(8):1069-1074.
Zhu T, Feng B, Wong S, Choi W, Zhu SH. A comparison of smoking behaviors among medical and other college students in China. Health Promot Int. 2004;19(2):189-196.
Petroianu A, Reis DC, Cunha BD, Souza DM. Prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and psychotropic drug use among medical students at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010;56(5):568-571.
Hyams JS, Burke G, Davis PM, Rzepski B, Andrulonis PA. Abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents: A community-based study. J Pediatr. 1996;129(2):220-226.
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH. Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. 21st ed: Churchill Lingstone Elsevier; 2010.
Khot A, Polmear A. Practical general practice: Guidelines for effective clinical management. 6th ed: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2011.
Carter AO, Elzubeir M, Abdulrazzaq YM, Revel AD, Townsend A. Health and lifestyle needs assessment of medical students in the United Arab Emirates. Med Teach. 2003;25(5):492-496.